You'll also see them again when you work with Molecular Orbital Theory. You may not see it directly, but as you work examples in these two topics, and start to think of why you're doing what you're doing, you'll see how these three principles are applied. How are they related? Well, you might have already guessed, but put together they allow us to do a lot of work with electron configurations and energy diagrams. As per the principle electrons are filled in the following order: 1s, 2s, 2p, 3s, 3p, 4s, 3d, 4p, 5s. You can calculate the orbital energy by the sum of azimuthal and the principal quantum number. You may also hear this in the form that the two electrons in an orbital must have opposite spins, which essentially means the same thing. According to the Aufbau Principle in NCERT Book In the ground state of the atoms, the orbitals are filled in order of their increasing energies. This is actually why we have the spin quantum number, #m_s#, to ensure that two electrons within the same orbital have unique sets of quantum numbers. The Pauli Exclusion Principle states that no two electrons can be identified by the same set of quantum numbers. We imagine that as you go from one atom to the next in the Periodic Table, you can work out the electronic structure of the next atom by fitting an extra electron into the next available orbital. Aufbau is a German word meaning building up or construction. You may have heard this one in relation to the analogy of filling seats in a bus everyone finds their own seat, and only when all the seats are half full do they start sitting together. The order of filling orbitals - the Aufbau Principle. same energy) orbitals are available, one electron goes into each until all of them are half full before pairing up. Hund's Rule states that if 2 or more degenerate (i.e. For example, the orbitals in the #n=1# energy level will fill up before the orbitals in the #n=2# energy level. The Aufbau Principle states that lower energy orbitals fill before higher energy orbitals. I'll start by explaining what each means, and then we'll talk about how they're related:
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